phy 2.............

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Romesa’s notes for class matric
CHAPTER NO. 2

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PHYSICS NOTES

CLASS MATRIC

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Q:What is measurement?
Ans:

MEASUREMENT

Measurement is a comparison between an unknown quantity
and a standard quantity, to see how many times it is bigger
or smaller than the standard.
or
Measurement is finding a number that shows the size or
amount of something.
Q: what is physical quantity? Define its types .
Ans:

Physical quantities
all the measurable quantities which can be prescribe by a unit are called
physical quantities.
e.g.:
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Time
Momentum
Length
Acceleration
Mass
Etc

TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
There are 2 types of physical quantities

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1. Basic quantities
2. Derived quantities

Basic quantities:
The quantities which we use in our daily life and are single unit quantities
are called basic quantities
E.g.:
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Time
Length
Mass
Weight
Etc

Derived quantities:
The quantities which are derived from basic quantities are called derived
quantities. Drive quantities have multiple units.
e.g.:
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Acceleration
Velocity
Force
Momentum
Etc.

Q:define unit and SI units.
Ans:

UNIT
The representation of a physical quantity in terms of measurement is called
unit.

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SI Units
SI stands for System of International Units. It is a system of physical units
( SI units ) based on the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela,
and mole, together with a set of prefixes to indicate multiplication or
division by a power of ten.

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There are seven base units in the SI system:
the kilogram (kg), for mass.
the second (s), for time.
the kelvin (K), for temperature.
the ampere (A), for electric current.
the mole (mol), for the amount of a substance.
the candela (cd), for luminous intensity
the meter (m), for distance.

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Q:what is system of units? How many systems of units are there?
Ans:
A system of units is a set of related units that are used for calculations. The
system includes base units, which represent base dimensions, and derived units,
which represent products of powers of base dimensions.

MKS SYSTEM
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length: meter (m)
mass: kilogram (kg)
time: second (s)

meter-kilogram-second.

CGS SYSTEM
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length: centimeter (cm)
mass: gram (g)
time: second (s)

centimeter-gram-second. Also called British
Engineering System

FPS SYSTEM
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length: foot (ft)
mass: pound (p)
time: second (s)

foot-pound-second

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ROMESA FARHAJ

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Romesa’s notes for class matric
CHAPTER NO. 1

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PHYSICS NOTES

CLASS MATRIC

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Romesa’s notes for class matric
Q: what is physics?

PHYSICS:
Physics is a branch of science which deals with the study of matter and
energy and the interaction between matter and energy.
The word physics is composed of a Greek word “physikos” which means
“natural”, that’s why physics is also called “natural science”.

Q: of define branches physics.

BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:
There are 9 commonly known branches of physics which are as follow:

1. MECHANICS: (Newtonian
physics/classical physics)
The branch of physics which deals with the
motion of the body with or without the reference
of force is known as mechanics.

Branches of mechanics:
There are 2 branches of mechanics which are as follow:
 Kinematics:
The branch of mechanics in which we deal with the motion of the
body without the reference of force is called kinematics.
 Dynamics:
The branch of mechanics in which we deal with the motion of the
body with the reference of force is called dynamics.

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2. ELECTRICITY:

The branch of physics in which we deal with the electrical
charges and their concern phenomena is called electricity.

3. ELECTROMAGNETISM:
The branch of physics which we study about the properties of
electricity and magnets and about the interaction between them is
known as electromagnetism.

4. SOLID STATE PHYSICS:
The branch of physics which deals with the properties and
structure of solid materials is known as solid state physics.

5. ATOMIC PHYSICS:
The branch of physics in which we study about the structure and
properties of atoms is known as atomic physics.

6. NUCLEAR PHYSICS:
The branch of physics in which we study about the properties,
structure and the reactions occurs in the nucleus of an atom is
called nuclear physics.

7. ASTRO PHYSICS:
The branch of physics in which we deal with the study of space
and the heavenly bodies in space is called astrophysics.

8. BIO PHYSICS:
The branch of physics in which we deal with the properties
and applications of biological structures with respect to
physical methods is called bio physics.

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9. PLASMA PHYSICS:

The branch of physics in which we deal with the properties of
highly ionized atoms forming a mixture of bare nuclei (nuclei
without electrons) and electrons is called plasma physics.

Q: Define branches of mechanics.
ans

Branches of mechanics:
There are 2 branches of mechanics which are as follow:
 Kinematics:
The branch of mechanics in which we deal with the
motion of the body without the reference of force is
called kinematics.
 Dynamics:
The branch of mechanics in which we deal with the
motion of the body with the reference of force is
called dynamics.

Q: write contribution of Muslim scientists in the field of physics.
Ans

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1. ABU ALI HASSAN IBN-AL-HAITHAM: (IBN-ALHAITHAM)

 He was a great scholar of physics, mathematics,
engineering, astronomy, and medicine.
 He wrote a book of optics, “kitab-ul-manazir”.
 He discovered the nature of light.
 He invented pin hole camera.
 He gave 2 laws of reflaction.
2. Yaqub ibn-e-ishaq alkindi: (yakub alkindi)
 He produced several research monographs on
meteorology, specific gravity and on tides.
 He explained musical notes on scientific ground.
 He worked on geometrical optics.
 He discovered a method to express the notes in
terms of frequency.
3. Abu rehan Muhammad bin ahmed al-beruni: (al-beruni)
 He wrote more than 150 books on various subjects, such as,
 Physics
 Cosmology
 Geography
 History
 Chemistry
 Biology
 Geology
 mathematics
 Cosmology
 E.t.c.

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 He measured the circumference of earth.
 He found densities of various metals.
 He practically proved that earth is round not flat and told that earth
floats on space as a grape float on water.
 He was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics for his work
on Grand Unification Theory (GUT).
 he established international center for theoretical
physics in Trieste, Italy where scientists from
developing countries are offered opportunities to
augment their research work.
 He was asset of Pakistan and will remain in the hearts
of learning circle.
4. Dr. abdul Qadeer Khan:
 He has been awarded Halal-e-Imtiaz by
the government of Pakistan
 He contributed in making Pakistan a
nuclear state.
 He is a Pakistani former nuclear physicist
and a metallurgical engineer.
 Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is simultaneously
one of Pakistan's greatest heroes

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